Panduan lapangan pengenalan jenis pohon penghasil gaharu. Aquilaria is a genus of fifteen species of trees, called lign aloes or lignaloes trees, in the family thymelaeaceae, native to southeast asia. Ocorre particularmente nas florestas da indonesia, tailandia, camboja, laos, vietna, malasia, india, filipinas, borneu e nova guine. Aquilaria is a highly protected species due to the excessive exploitation of its precious agarwood. Aug 18, 2019 aquilaria malaccensis is a large evergreen tree which occurs in bangladesh, aquilaria spp. The remaining 126 42% isolates did not sporulate and were. Historical information on aquilaria and agarwood agarwood is a resin filled wood produced in aquilaria and gyrinops trees with a long. This medicinal plant is a source of fragrant wood, formed under a pathological condition, called chen xiang chinese. Kerr, phirdaous abbas and hamzah mohd salleh, aquilaria spp. Introduction to cites and agarwood overview asian regional workshop on agarwood. Food science and technology agriculture byproducts are undervalued substrates that are normally removed and.
Agarwood is a priceless nontimber forest product from aquilaria species belonging to the thymelaeaceae family. Agarwood science behind the fragrance rozi mohamed. Dna barcoding of the endangered aquilaria thymelaeaceae. Effect of culture media and growth hormones on callus induction in aquilaria malaccensis lam. The identification of aquilaria species from their resinous nonwood product, the agarwood, is challenging as conventional techniques alone are unable to ascertain the species origin. Pdf on jan 23, 2019, mohd ibrahim and others published know your trees aquilaria malaccensis find, read and cite all the research you need on. These are primarily included because names of species rank are. The main markets for these products are in south, east asia, and the middle east1. Incentives for collecting gaharu fungalinfected wood of. Agarwood is a resinous part of the nontimber aquilaria tree, which is a highly. Aquilaria and gyrinops species in indonesia completion report ministry of forestry. The plant list includes a further 1 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus aquilaria.
Agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, or gharuwood is a fragrant dark resinous wood used in. The quantification of dry and wet inland gonystylus spp. This study examines the costs and benefits of planting aquilaria spp. Promoting conservation of plant genetic resources of. Forest research institute malaysia 351 journal of tropical forest science 23 355 2015 karlinasari l et al. Spreng is one of the important plant resources involved in the production of agarwood in china. Older bark is smooth and white to yellowish in color. Agarwood products are the most valuable products in the world with higher prices and demands nowadays. However, as several different aquilaria species are in trade and agarwood is.
The extremely high prices paid for high quality agar wood and for the essential oil and the indiscriminate felling of both diseased and healthy trees threaten natural stands of aquilaria including aquilaria malaccensis to extinction. Aquilaria, enkleia, aetoxylon, gonystylus, wikstroemia, gyrinops. Buku ini merupakan panduan untuk mengenali jenis aquilaria spp. Artificial production of agarwood oil in aquilaria sp. In 2004, all aquilaria species were listed in appendix ii. The characterization of phytochemical and gcms analysis. I declare that this thesis entitled extraction of the essential oil of aquilaria malaccensis gaharu using hydrodistillation and solvent extraction methods is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. This page was last edited on 11 december 2019, at 16.
Secondary metabolites of aquilaria, a thymelaeaceae genus. Screening of anticancer activity from agarwood essential oil. Visual inspection and singlepath sound sonic and ultrasonic wave tests have been found to correctly identify a general problem in aquilaria tree. Aug 15, 2019 aquilaria malaccensis is a large evergreen tree which occurs in bangladesh, aquilaria spp. Her research projects were designed to answer questions such as identifying the triggers behind agarwood formation. We consider manufactured items made from any species of dalbergia spp.
Agarwood science behind the fragrance rozi mohamed springer. Aquilaria sinensis is a species of plant in the family thymelaeaceae. Single mycelium method was used to isolate endophytic fungi from surfacesterilized tissues of two medicinal plants. Aquilaria sinensis, from china, has lobes 8mm long. In natural tropical forest, gaharu trees aquilaria spp. Pdf on jan 1, 2008, lillian swee and others published agarwood. Super quality of gaharu, comes from long dead and fell down tree that already mix up with surrounding soil.
Aquilaria malaccensis agar wood, eaglewood, indian aloewood. Endophytic fungi from dracaena cambodiana and aquilaria. It is important for the enforcement of the cites treaty to determine whether agarwood a resinous wood produced in aquilaria and gyrinops species seen in trade is from a plantation that was cultivated for sustainable production or was harvested from natural forests which is usually done illegally. Aquilaria malaccensis is a large evergreen tree which occurs in bangladesh, aquilaria spp. Because of the increasing agarwood demand, aquilaria spp. Aquilaria rostrata is a species of plant in the thymelaeaceae family. Screening of anticancer activity from agarwood essential oil yumi zuhanis hasyun hashim, abbas phirdaous, amid azura department of biotechnology engineering, kulliyyah of engineering, international islamic university malaysia, gombak.
Their fragrant resinous wood has long been used in ayurvedic and traditional medicine for treatment of various illness such as joint pain, inflammatoryrelated disorder, diarrhea, and also used. It is sometimes used for agarwood, but unsustainable harvesting is believed to be threatening agarwoodproducing species and therefore is discouraged by environmental groups. Thymelaeaceae, has been widely used in traditional medicine. Pdf know your trees aquilaria malaccensis researchgate. In case of agarwood aquilaria spp family thymelaeaceae, it is well. The resinous part called agarwood of genus aquilaria lam has been exploited as a source of incense by mankind since time immemorial besides its medicinal properties. One of the most precious plants on earth is genus aquilaria which able to produce agarwood. The resin is produced by the tree in response to infection by a parasitic ascomycetous mould, phaeoacremonium parasitica, a dematiaceous darkwalled fungus. There are many different species of aquilaria and gyrinops that grow throughout.
Growing aquilaria and production of agarwood in hill agro. Aquilaria apiculata wikispecies, free species directory. Costs and benefits analysis of aquilaria species on. The growing of aquilaria in the hill agroecosystems of northern india and cultivation of agarwood as a crop using new technology could provide a new economy for the region. Evidences from ethnopharmacological practices showed that aquilaria spp. Describing the basic characteristics of the 15 aquilaria species, ms gravendeel. Because the precop17 appendix iiiii listings of dalbergia spp. To protect the endangered aquilaria species, mass plantation of aquilaria trees. Aquilaria malaccensis, from india, and malaysia has lobes 2 3mm long. This is the first report on the biological activity against activities of scavenging free radical and ferric reducing antioxidant. As described by cifor 1996 and ding hou 1960, upon ripening, the fruit of aquilaria spp. Of the 300 isolates recovered, 172 were from dracaena cambodiana and 128 from aquilaria sinensis.
Due to rising demand for agarwood, as well as shortcomings in monitoring. The intense fragrance is the result of the presence of a wide variety of secondary metabolites. The agarwood resin collected from wounded aquilaria trees has been used in asia for aromatic or medicinal purposes from ancient times, although the mechanism underlying the formation of agarwood still remains poorly understood owing to a lack of accurate and highquality. Growing aquilaria and production of agarwood in hill agro doc. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license. We do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank.
Read distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood aquilaria spp. The establishment of aquilaria plantation for agarwood production has been regarded by the planters as a green gold mine of the future. Here, we applied the dna barcoding technique to generate barcode sequences for aquilaria species and later applied the barcodes to identify the source. Dna barcoding of the endangered aquilaria thymelaeaceae and. Panduan lapangan pengenalan jenis pohon penghasil gaharu aquilaria spp. Aquilaria malaccensis is a species of the highest recorded number of. However, still, there is no evidence or systemic clinical study to comfirm the activities of. The economic importance of gaharu is assessed in three villages on the bahau river in northcentral borneo to gain insights about the incentives for harvesting and management of a valuable nontimber forest product. Thymelaeaceae are the principal source of gaharu, a valuable resin, yet information about their reproductive ecology is almost entirely lacking. In asia, these leaves are increasingly consumed as tea and claimed to provide benefits to cardiovascular function, albeit without any scientific proof. As a result of a defence mechanism to fend off pathogens, aquilaria species develop agarwood or resin which can be used for incense, perfumery, and traditional medicines. I declare that this thesis entitled extraction of the essential oil of aquilaria malaccensis gaharu using hydrodistillation and solvent extraction methods is the. Aquilaria crassna pierre ex lecomte is a medicinal herb from aquilaria species of thymelaeaceae family. Distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood aquilaria.
Some traders admitted illegally exporting agarwood, stating that this was a relatively riskfree process. Shifting cultivation and poverty eradication in the uplands of the lao pdr 233 domestication of aquilaria spp. There was a report of one diabetic patient who drank water infusion of agarwood leaf was found to have blood sugar return to normal. In global market purest oudagarwood oil enjoys an exorbitant price tag owing to its mystical fragrance. Oct 15, 2001 reproductive ecology of aquilaria spp. A number of other species are less important sources of agar wood, including some minor aquilaria spp. Aquilaria malaccensis karas di semenanjung malaysia, 2011. Effect of culture media and growth hormones on callus. The plant list includes 49 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus aquilaria. Extract of aquilaria crassna leaves and mangiferin are.
Here, we applied the dna barcoding technique to generate barcode sequences for aquilaria species and later. Aquilaria malaccensis is an evergreen tree growing to 20 m 65ft by 8 m 26ft at a slow rate. Three indicators of economic valuelevel and proportion of income, returns to labor, and proportion of gaharu collecting households per villageare used to demonstrate the. A total of 56 individual trees of six species were selected for observations of seed production in four different study sites. Agarwood, a highly precious nontimber fragrant wood of aquilaria spp. Paul, mn 55108 usa 2the rainforest project foundation, olympia plein 38h, 1076 ad amsterdam, the netherlands abstract aquilaria and gyrinops are genera of tropical trees that produces a valuable. The requirements of these policies include ndf assessment prior to harvest and set yearly. Aquilaria malaccensis is the major source of agarwood, a resinous heartwood, used for perfume and incense. And rural poverty socioeconomic and genetic aspects of the planting boom in the wood of the gods anders jensen abstract aquilaria spp.
Agarwood is a nonwood product from the endangered aquilaria and gyrinops trees, highly prized for its use in fragrances and medicines. According to morphological characteristics, 174 58% isolates were identified and belonged to 41 taxa in 30 genera. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of agarwood. Thymelaeaceae has been an important source of cash income and means of access to foreign goods.
Growing aquilaria and production of agarwood in hill agroecosystems robert a. Growing aquilaria and production of agarwood in hill agro forest. They occur particularly in the rainforests of indonesia, thailand, cambodia, laos, vietnam, malaysia, northeast india, bangladesh, the philippines, borneo and new guinea. A completely different application exploits the strong fragrance of thymeleaeceae plants, in particular of aquilaria species. Genome sequence of the agarwood tree aquilaria sinensis. Aquilaria subintegra pdf the following species of aquilaria trees can be found in papua new guinea. Distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood aquilaria spp. Screening of anticancer activity from agarwood essential. Physically, tree branches and twigs are getting dry. As consequences aquilaria and gyrinops species were listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora cites.
Dec 26, 2019 aquilaria malaccensis is an evergreen tree growing to 20 m 65ft by 8 m 26ft at a slow rate. This is to assist in the trade control by both exporting and importing countries. In china, aquilaria leaves are applied topically to treat injuries such as fractures and bruises, and, in korea, agarwood has been used for the treatment of cough, asthma, and as a sedative among others. Spouge and fengzhu sun, alignment free genome comparison enables accurate geographic sourcing of white oak dna, bmc. Aquilaria sinensis, aquilaria subintegra, aquilaria beccariana. The genus, which belongs to the thymelaeaceae, consists of 15 species, which occur in tropical forest in asia cifor, 1996 burkill, 1966. Jan 15, 2014 read distinguishing wild from cultivated agarwood aquilaria spp.
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